Loss of Freedom Through Apathy essays

Loss of Freedom Through Apathy papers We do have opportunity in this nation however we basically decide to disregard it. We live in a vote based system, the most only sort of government, where the individuals hold preeminent force. It is an establishment that is a summit of upsets, wars, methods of reasoning and legends. It is the best and proudest government on the planet. One purpose behind this is Americans have a correct that residents of Iraq and China and North Korea just envisioned they could have. It took one of the best military legends in history for our Founding Fathers to get this right. It took the walking of thousands for ladies to accomplish this right. It took 400 years of maltreatment for blacks also at long last win this right. It is the most noteworthy and most flawless type of the right to speak freely of discourse and as Americans it is our single most remarkable instrument of self government. It is the American vote and in this Presidential political decision it is a privilege 250 million decided to disregard. This year I had the incredible chance to chip in my administrations to the Democratic party. I was eager to work for the Democrats since it was my first historically speaking experience associated with the political race. For a long time I remained as a typical onlooker to this incredible American convention. Chipping in my hours caused me to feel like I was a piece of something significant. Generally my work comprised of arbitrary surveying. I would ring individuals between the long stretches of 7 and 9:00 P.M. what's more, ask them a couple of inquiries about the political race. With each call I sought after the best, yet it appeared that I was calling individuals at the time they were generally touchy. Most would just hang up, leaving with a considerate Gracious, I'm not intrigued. Others acted militantly to my calling, hammering the telephone in nauseate. It frightened and in a manner demoralized me, the path a considerable lot of the individuals I surveyed appeared to be absolut ely emotionless to the political world around us. To me, going through a moment addressing inquiries concerning the eventual fate of legislative issues didn't appear an excessive amount to ask by any means. However ... <!

Horn of Plenty, Yellow House, Veckatimest by Grizzly Bear free essay sample

How to survive your first winter a college students guide

How to survive your first winter a college student’s guide Help! Im from [Los Angeles/Orlando/other perpetually sunny place].  What do I need to survive an East Coast winter? ^ how not to do it. Help! Im from [Los Angeles/Orlando/other perpetually sunny place].  What do I need to survive an East Coast winter? Im glad you asked!  As a lifelong Californian before I went to MIT, this is a problem I wrestled for a while.  And Ive learned that its really not that hard.  As the saying goes, theres no such thing as bad weather only inadequate clothing. Sure, cold weather is cold (duh), and winter clothes are relatively expensive, but with a few basic purchases youll be well on your way to staying warm on a budget. Maybe youll even learn to love winter (I do!) and its beauty: ^ I visited Ouray, CO over winter break for a few days of ice climbing.  Temperatures dropped to around -5 F at night, and yet I stayed (mostly) warm. The secret to staying warm on a budget is that its all about layering. Not only does this let you adjust to different temperatures (by putting on/off layers), but it also saves you money: the same coat, with different layers, is basically a different outfit.  (At least I count it as a different outfit.  Look, theres a reason Im writing for MIT Admissions and not Vogue.) There are three basic layers: (1) baselayer, (2) midlayer, (3) outerwear.  The good news is that you probably already own plenty of baselayers and midlayers! (1) Baselayers When Im in the city, I usually just wear cotton t-shirts and boxers for my baselayer. Cotton is fine for walking around campus, but if youre doing winter outdoor activities you should wear synthetic or wool baselayers.  When it gets really cold Ill wear a long-sleeved shirt and long underwear; you can get these for cheap at Target. That was easy! (2) Midlayers Thin, merino wool sweaters are the best.  Theyre colorful, warm, layer well, and are reasonably priced. You can get em for around $30 on sale at J.Crew, or cheaper at HM.  Buy a few, mix and match. Fleece layers are also great.  You can splurge for Patagonia/Arcteryx, but cheap fleece works too. (3) Outerwear This is where youll have to make the biggest investment.  No, the cute jacket you bought in July wont suffice. You have a choice here: you can either go for a nice wool coat (like a peacoat or topcoat), or a more technical-looking down jacket. Ideally youll have both. You can get really nice wool coats from J.Crew/Banana Republic for around $120, or cheaper ones from Uniqlo/HM for around $70. My coats that get the most wear are a wool topcoat from Express, a wool peacoat from Banana Republic, and a Barbour waxed cotton jacket. (4) Footwear Wool/synthetic long socks are a must when its snowing, but there are a few different approaches to what boots you should wear.  Sorels and L.L.Bean duck boots are popular.  Since I do a lot of hiking/mountaineering, I usually just wear my Danner waterproof hiking boots or Scarpa mountaineering boots when its icy/snowy outside.  Regular shoes are fine if the ground is dry. Some more thoughts on saving money: Cheaper isnt always cheaper Some things are worth investing a bit more money in upfront. A cheap sweater that pills and falls apart after a winter is a waste of money. You dont have to #BuyItForLife, but I think that particularly with coats and boots, buying quality items will save you money in the longterm. Break the rules to maximize versatility I mentioned a formal-technical spectrum above.  But I often mix and match partly out of necessity, and partly because its fun. For example, topcoats are traditionally worn over suits and ties.  But I like layering it over anything from chunky sweaters to tshirts: Likewise, Barbour jackets are usually worn while shooting pheasants or riding horses (well, at least I think thats what theyre formy knowledge of British culture comes 99% from Downton Abbey and Sherlock).  We, uh, dont have many of those around MIT, so Ive had to adapt: Same goes for watches! Ive worn my Speedmaster to formal events with CEOs, up high on mountain rescues, and even over Kevlar gloves. Finally, sometimes its fun to break all the rules, and skip the layering ;) Have fun with winter!  Its pretty cool.

My Strengths And Weaknesses Of An Service Learning Project...

Reflective Component: Through this service learning project, I have learned about my strengths and weaknesses. Overtime, I have been able to identify my weaknesses and develop them into strengths. Before I started volunteering at Westminster Shores, I had tow or three previous leadership positions. I was the captain of the volleyball team at my high school when I was a senior, and I was a senior counsellor at a day camp for five to seven year old kids. In both of these positions, I was responsible for communicating with my peers and my kids, and I was responsible for planning activities, team dinners, and fundraising events. Although I was able to complete these tasks with not many problems, volunteering at Westminster Shores required a different kind of leadership. At Westminster, I was responsible for interacting with adults. At first, I was nervous because I was afraid that they would judge me. Generally, I would only talk when I was spoken to first, but throughout my time volunt eering, I was able to start conversations with the residents. In the past, I have always been comfortable talking to people my age, but when I am communicating with someone who is older than me, I am always afraid that I am going to say or do the wrong thing, and because adults are older than I am and they have more experience, they may judge me. Through practicing my skills several times, and even sharing with some of the residents about my fear of sharing my opinions, I was reassured thatShow MoreRelatedStrengths And Weaknesses Of The Classroom894 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout this school year, I have been in many projects that involve groups in the classroom. These projects have helped us through the work with others by showing us what are strengths and weaknesses truly are. We can use our strengths to know others that have the same strengths as we do. 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English 2 †Literary Response Free Essays

My Singular Irene Literature is, by my understanding, a means to critic society and individuals or the way the world is behaving. Writers of Literature write literature to provide a new way of seeing things that might be different from our point of view. In other words, writers use tools of literature story like: symbolism, point of view to help them is making the literature story to be more exciting and clear to us, the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on English 2 – Literary Response or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author helps us to see the frailty or other bad deeds and good things about this life in this world as we seldom see those things with our own eyes. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene is a very good example for this literature reading, because it is very rich in literature concept and devices, like: symbolism or point of view. The main character in this story is said to be alienated, repressed and silenced in the story. I will prove this statement by retelling the main point on the story that supports this statement. A very old man refers to an old angel that is cast ashore into earth because of inability to keep up with the heavy rain. e can see that the angel is alienated from examples that shown this statement, such as : †They found the whole neighborhood in front of the chicken coop having fun with the angel, without the slightest reference, tossing him things to eat through the openings in the wire as if he weren’t a supernatural creature but a circus animal. †(Gabriel Garcia Marquez 36). the angel is alienated because It is treated differently from the others. The others are having f un with the angel rather than socializing with the angel. The angel is also repressed and silenced. There is a quotation that shows this statement: â€Å"Pelayo watch over him all afternoon from the kitchen, armed with his Bailiff’s club, and before going to bed he dragged him out of the mud and locked him up with the hens in the wire chicken coop. †(Gabriel Garcia- Marquez 36). From this statement, we can derive that the angel is â€Å"caged† from it’s freedom and its freedom is repressed by the caged that Pelayo given it, thus the angel is silenced from the freedom. My Singular Irene is also a good example for this literature reading. Irene is reputed to be alienated is true in this story. Irene is treated differently from other people. From the story we know that Ilene’s husband( the first person view in the story) isolated Irene from the outside world by buying Irene very expensive â€Å"stuff† to lure Irene to stay in the house isolated from the outside world. Irene is also axiomatic to be repressed and silenced. We know from the story that Irene is considered as a â€Å"thing† to her husband, because her husband wants Irene to act like he wants. So, in order to satisfy his ego, Irene is inhibited and muted by many ways, like: not allowing Irene to go to the outside world, forbidding visitors to meet Irene. Irene too, like the Angel is constrained from freedom. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings and My Singular Irene are an example of story that has a symbol of contemporary alienation and triumph over it. First, I am going to express about A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. The angel in the story is alienated or make indifferent. It is derived from the behavior of the people that found the angel. It is treated like mere goods than divine figure. So, it is true that it is a contemporary alienation. Later in the story, we know that the angel has his most precious tool that can bring him back to his divine status. That tool is its wings, when its wings grows back, he immediately leaped up to the sky and clapped its wings and fly to the horizon of freedom. The angel is reputed to be a triumph over alienation. Second, My Singular Irene is also a symbol of alienation. Irene is also made hostile like the angel. She is isolated or â€Å"caged† by her husband; there is an interesting point in this story in my point of view. To me, Irene seemed to be speechless or not a living thing. The author writes the story in such a way that us, readers, grabs the alienation theme in the story. Irene is also considered as a triumph over alienation. There is a quotation from the story: Horrifying! Irene changed into a horrendous butterfly! I stood up and fell again, powerless now. She would leave me; she would take flight and leave me. The gigantic Irene Butterfly smiled at me, diminished, and disappeared with the others. I am at the site of the events, waiting for Irene’s return. She has no return. She cannot deny me the peace that her company always offered me. (AlmAnzar, JosE AlcAntara 45) From this quotation, I interpret it that Irene’s freedom does also mean she has a higher status in the relationship with her husband now. What I meant by higher status of relationship is the one that always try to get the relationship going is the one that has a lower status, in this case, her husband. Irene’s triumph over alienation is expressed by the author of Irene transformation into the most beautiful butterfly that can fly anywhere it wants. It is very interesting that these two stories have a similar thing. They both define freedom by flying leaving the thing that binds their way to freedom. The following paragraph below tells a story about human needs for personal freedom and community. There is certainly no argument in this world that can be used to defy human needs for socializing and personal freedom. Human always seek out a way to grab that freedom. Kingdom falls, kingdom rises, Leader of a faction dies, and assassin was born. All of these examples are made because of the need to obtain and maintain personal freedom and the ability to communicate freely with communities of choice. There is an interesting story below those talks about human’s desire for personal liberty. This story is about the struggle of African-American communities in the United States to obtain their right of personal freedom and human needs for sociality. United States also known as the land of the free and the brave has been well known for its freedom. It has a lot to offer, such as: the freedom of speech, the right to work, etc. But, in contrast to all of those things, there is a little dispute inside this great country in the era of slavery. African American is the target for this matter. African American arrived in the United States as Indentured Servants via Jamestown, Virginia in 1619. They could earn their so called â€Å"personal freedom† by working as slave to their chosen master. As time goes by, the other majority in the United States made a conduct for slaves called â€Å"Slaves Codes†. This Slave Codes constrained African American in the Unites States from their liberty. They did fight for it until the Majority pushes another harsh rule for any slaves that disobey its masters. From this point, we can see human’s needs for personal freedom. Human fights for freedom risking everything they had, like: their lives, treasure, relatives. There is also a story of a president that fight for part of his citizen’s needs for personal freedom, his name was Abraham Lincoln. He was a farmer boy that born Feb. 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents were both born in Virginia. Abraham was well known for his strength and cleverness in farming skills. In not so long time he began to be very famous in the community because of his skills in socializing. Not so long after that, he became the president of the United States. He saw this great calamity of slavery and intends to abolish this calamity for good. To pursue this personal freedom, Abraham had gone through a lot of obstacles from his own family until his own citizen in the south. Alas, not so long a civil war broke out between the north and the south. But, the good always wins; Abraham with the North wins the Civil War by diplomacy. And thus the period of reconstruction began. Unfortunately Abraham was killed by an assassin in April 14, 1865; Lincoln was killed at Ford’s Theatre in Washington by John Wilkes Booth. This story has greatly described to us the importance of human need for community and personal freedom. In conclusion, these two stories, My Singular Irene and A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings, tell us about the importance of personal freedom and need of interaction with other people. They also told us, no matter how hard human is pushed to abandoned their personal freedom; human always emerges to fight their way to obtain freedom even though they have to put their lives on the line to achieve their goal, personal freedom. How to cite English 2 – Literary Response, Papers

Pollution Facts and Types of Pollution

Question: Discuss about the Pollution Facts and Types of Pollution. Answer: Introduction: This essay outlines the concept of pollution, its causes and effects, challenges or problems faced by the people of Vietnam. Environmental pollution takes place when the pollutants enter in the natural surroundings and that harm the environment. These pollutants make air, water, soil extremely dirty and create problems for the human beings. The different types of atmospheric pollution are Air pollution, Noise pollution, air pollution, water pollution, thermal pollution, soil pollution and light pollution. This pollution affects the normal lifestyle of people, and these types of pollution causes because of the deforestation and emissions of the hazardous gases. From the last many years, the world has been suffered from this atmospheric pollution. Pollutants are generally the form of waste material and are key elements of pollution. The ecosystem and the balance in the atmosphere are disturbed by the pollution. The environmental pollution is rising day by day and also leads to the incr ease of global warming and human health problems because of the modernization and development of the economy of the Vietnam (Mayntz, 2013). There are basically two types of sources of occurrence- measurable sources which are easy to identify and control and another one is non-point sources which are very difficult to control. Environmental pollution is a man-made problem because it is occurred because of the human waste materials, hazardous gases, pesticides and fertilizers and automobiles. As per the reports of state government, the Vietnam is ranked on 79th position in the field of contributing to the atmosphere pollution and showing its bad performance because of its air quality. The main root cause of this issue is thinking or perception of the human being. As some of people have the thinking that whatever they are doing is not harmful for the environment and some of people have the perception that why should they take a responsibility as this is not their job, only the state or central government is responsible for that. As we know, there are many types of pollution like Air, Water, thermal, noise and light pollution. But, In Vietnam the most popular is Air pollution and Water pollution. Atmosphere pollution is a very dangerous form of pollution and it took place because of the fuel burning in excess way, automobiles and many industries that throw out the huge amount of smoke in the air, which consists of chemical substances and gases like Sulfur dioxide and these chemicals pollute the air in the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is very dangerous and toxic gas and releasing of these chemicals also creates a problem of global warming and acid rain. Global warming increases the temperature of the environment and makes it very difficult for animals to survive. Usually, when a human being takes a breath, these dangerous particles present in the air enter into the human body and as a result increase in the health problems like asthma and lung cancer. A greenhouse gas carbon dioxide is the main pollutant or reso urce of warming the earth. When all the living things take a breath, they emit carbon dioxide and breathe in the oxygen from the atmosphere, but the level of oxygen is reducing due to the deforestation and the percentage of carbon dioxide is rising. Air pollution can be divided into two parts one is visible air pollution and invisible air pollution. The survival of the living thing is because of the combination of gases which are required for the living things; the imbalance caused by the changing level of the percentage of gases can be dangerous for survival (Thuy, 2016). There are two types of pollutants primarily pollutants are the direct result of the process, whereas the other secondary pollutants are caused by the interactions of primary pollutants like smog. The causes of atmosphere pollution in Vietnam are burning of fuels, gases from factories and industries, mining operations, emission of smoke through automobiles. In Vietnam, the Air Quality Index (AQI) measurement shows the alarming level of atmosphere pollution in Hanoi-based US Embassy. As per the records of AQI, Pollutant concentrations in the air ranged between 114 and 159 during the day, then instantly increased at 388 which seem to be very dangerous for the people of Vietnam. The decrease in the air quality of Hanoi has been recognized to high traffic vehicles and industrial activities (Team, 2009). Almost every person in Vietnam is using motorbike and cars for the transportation purposes. In the year of 2015, Hanoi had a 4.9 million of vehicles running in the city. All of these vehicles emit high level of fumes and smoke which is one of the biggest reasons of atmosphere pollution in Vietnam. According to the national environment report, in the year of 2013 the condition of Hanoi city is worse than in Ho Chi Minh City because of the increase number of private vehicles. Except vehicles another cause of the atmosphere is the emission of gases by the factories and industries. The manufacturing industries in Vietnam also decreased the quality of the air by emitting large amount of carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons and chemicals into the air. There are many industries and petroleum refineries in Vietnam that releases the chemicals and hydrocarbons that pollute the air and leads to atmosphere pollution. Similarly, the mining is the process of extracting of minerals below the earth with the use of equipments that releases dust particles and chemicals in the air (Dinh, et al., 2014). The most dangerous gas is Ammonia in the atmosphere and that is emitted because of the agriculture related activities. The usage of pesticides, chemicals and fertilizers are increasing day by day on the plants and crops. These pesticides not only create the air pollution, but also creating health problems also. Moreover, the cleaning products used in houses and also the painting colors and supplies release toxic chemicals in the air and leads to atmosphere pollution. When the walls of the houses are painted by the colors, it creates some sort of smell that makes it difficult to take a breath in that environment (Fuller, 2007). Moving further, this atmosphere pollution is affecting the lifestyle of people living in Vietnam. The problems they are facing nowadays because of the increase in the population, urbanization and development of industries. The environment and human health is negatively affected by the Air pollution. One major problem faced by the Vietnamese is vanishing of national parks and forests..There was a proposal by the government to establish the two hydropower plants in Vietnam in Cat Tien national park has created opposite situation due the dams because these dams overwhelm the forests. The former park director of Tran Vran Thanh said that it is very important to maintain and establish the national parks and forests because its not a genuine thing that one destroy the forests because of the economic development. Talking about the number of reserves available in Vietnam in the year of 1990, there were approximately 90 reserves and these reserves covers the 4 percent of country place or can say about 3.2 million acres. These reserves are expected to be double in the next couple of years to avoid the atmosphere pollution. The deforestation and ruined plant life leads to increase the amount of CO2 in the environment and also creates smog, which is responsible for restricting sunlight rays from coming to the earth. Also, gases like Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen oxide leads to the acid rain and global warming. Global warming is also one of the serious problems faced by the people across the world. Global warming is basically an increase in the temperature of earth due to the emissions of the green houses gases like CO2, SO2 and Nitrogen Oxide. The increase in CO2 and other gases leads to melting of the ice caps that raises the level of the sea and create a dangerous situation for the people of Vietnam who are living in coastal areas of Vietnam. Furthermore, the Ozone layer Depletion is also a problem faced by the people. Ozone layer depletion is also reason that leads to the global warming and the ozone layer is the layer that protects the human being from the ultra-violet rays by stopping them from reaching to the earth. That layer is depleting due to the environmental pollution and this depletion of the ozone layer has negatively affected the atmosphere and people across the world. Besides damaging the environment, air and water pollution has serious effects on the health of the human beings. Because of the low quality of air and drinking water leads to many respiratory problems like asthma, lung cancer, pain in chest, throat swelling, diarrhea, stomach cancer, and several digestive system problems. Air pollution also causes the skin problems like irritation and itching, rashes, inflammation etc. Similarly, agriculturist uses pesticides on plants and polluted water for crops and when people of our country consume these plants they become ill with the diseases like infection and digestive problems (Hays, 2014). For Instance, in Vietnam, there is a village Thach Son Village, which is situated near on the coastal area of Vietnam and this village is polluted by company Lam Thao as this company spread the emissions of gases and other chemicals into the air of the village. Because of this environment the people living in this village faced the health issues like live r cancer, lungs cancer and stomach cancer. This Village is known as the Cancer Village because the number people who died in this village are because of cancer. As per the records, there were 106 rural people died because of cancer during the year of 1991 to 2005. The Lack of the waste treatment system is the serious problem in Vietnam. Because of this inadequate system, polluted water is not purified before throwing it into the rivers or canals and leads to the breakdown of the ecosystem and loss of the biodiversity. For example, there is a plant known as Mangrove in the district of Can Gio which can grow because of the iodine and salt in the water and there is no other plants can survive due to the polluted water. There is surely no solution to tackle with this problem as its not feasible that these existing factories bodily shifted to a place away from the town. But there are some of the initiatives that took by the government to avoid this problem. First initiative is that the U N Conference on Human Environment assembles to research about the thoughtful changes that can be done to understand the relationship between human beings and his atmosphere in the favor of industrial developments and technological changes. Secondly, the World Health Organization also establishes an international network for controlling and looking for the best remedial solutions to avoid the air pollution on a large scale. As per the government study, here is an example of cities named as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, where its very difficult to take breathe because of the Air pollution (Hoang Mueller, 2014). Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City is the tourist place and that is now become very dirty because of the air pollution. As per the Environment ministries study the nitrogen level in Hanoi was found 1.3 times more than the actual level and 1.2 times in Ha Long. The rise in the Nitrogen Oxide in the atmosphere increases the problems of respiration. High amount of NO2 also leads to lung infec tions, coughing, flu, and throat inflammation. The people who are suffering from the asthma and heart problems are at high risk because of this pollution. The major sources of air pollution are the industrial activities and automobiles in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. This city is most crowded place in Vietnam as it consists of around 12 million people and around 890 automobiles are registered in Ho Chi Minh City every day. Similarly, they also found some high levels of dust particles that cause lung cancer, which is a serious health problem and because of this the people died in this city because of the cancer problem. However, only some of the steps can be taken to reduce this environmental solution. Firstly, the government can take a step that upcoming factories should be set up at some faraway places from regions of the township. Secondly, the deforestation should be reduced and need to grow as many plants to avoid this problem. Also, there should either set up adequate water treatment systems in factories or banned the discharge of factory wastage to make the city free from the pollution. Thirdly, its really needful to find out how to avoid the harmful smoke from the automobiles and mining factories by the researchers. At last, the most important solution to avoid this problem is to create awareness among the people because its only the man who is responsible for this. A man should need to change its thinking because its not only the government responsibility to handle these problems. It is a collective effort done by the people living in Vietnam and also its applicable for the people across th e world. There is a need to control the pollution from automobiles activities as per the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. One step taken by the Vietnam government is to set the standards for the emissions of the vehicles and these standards have been strict worldwide. Vehicle emissions testing centers have been established in the period of 2011-2012 and prime minister has also given his approval for this scheme. This scheme has given a great contribution in controlling the air pollution in Vietnam from the vehicle activities. Another step that can be taken by the environmental experts in Vietnam to reduce pollution is to promote the vehicles using clean energy sources, proper maintenance of the vehicles and there should be testing of the emissions of smoke of the vehicles every year before renewing their driving licenses (Tree, 2012). It is very necessary to create awareness among the people and responsibility of the people towards the environment. Moreover, conducting a media campaign also helps to raise the peoples awareness on the environment protection. In conclusion, Vietnam has faced many problems at the time of its development and air and water is the need of the living things either its animals or plans or a common man. Vietnam must develop the waste treatment system to prevent the economy from this crucial situation. Environment protection is most important or crucial thing and person need to emphasize on it because nature, plants and human life are valuable gifts to the mankind. It has become very imperative to eradicate the roots of pollution from our nation to live happy and healthy life (Hieu, et al., 2013). References Bradford, A., 2015. Pollution Facts Types of Pollution, Available at: https://www.livescience.com/22728-pollution-facts.html Chamaria, V., 2015. Different Types of Pollution, Available at: https://www.importantindia.com/21326/different-types-of-pollution/ Colorado, R., 2016. Air and Water Pollution Article, Available at: https://www.thegoodairlady.com/air_and_water_pollution_article_000209.html Dinh, T., Truc, T. Thi, P., 2014. Air pollution in Hochiminh city, Vietnam, s.l.: The National University Of Hochiminh City, Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237207391_AIR_POLLUTION_IN_HOCHIMINH_CITY_VIETNAM Fuller, T., 2007. Air pollution fast becoming an issue in booming Vietnam, Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/world/asia/06iht-pollute.1.6529573.html Hays, J., 2014. Pollution, global warming and environmental issues in Vietnam, Available at: https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9h/entry-3492.html Hieu, V., Quynh, L., Ho, P. Hens, L., 2013. Health Risk Assessment of Mobility-Related Air Pollution in Ha Noi, Vietnam. Scientific research journal, 4(10), pp. 1165-1172. Hoang, L. Mueller, C., 2014. HO CHI MINH city pollution problem, Available at: https://www.asialifemagazine.com/vietnam/ho-chi-minh-city-pollution-problem/ Mayntz, M., 2013. Types of Pollution, Available at: https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Types_of_Pollution Society, A., 2016. The Real Cost of Developing Vietnam, Available at: https://asiasociety.org/real-cost-developing-vietnam Team, R., 2009. Vietnam Pollution Threatens Health, Available at: https://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/pollution-04012009110733.html Tree, T., 2012. Vietnam air pollution among the worst in the world, Available at: https://tuoitrenews.vn/features/482/vietnam-air-pollution-among-the-worst-in-the-world Thuy, K., 2016. Air pollution in Hanoi reaches alarming levels, Available at: https://e.vnexpress.net/news/insight/air-pollution-in-hanoi-reaches-alarming-levels-3364977.html

26 Feel-Good Words

26 Feel-Good Words 26 Feel-Good Words 26 Feel-Good Words By Michael Some writers neglect the power of emotion when communicating their ideas, valuing logic more than others do, and assuming that everyone thinks like they do that careful reasoning is enough to convince readers and make points. But even the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who was no enemy of reason, taught that stimulating emotion in your audience can be the key to persuading them. Ive decided that communication, instead of simply inserting information into my readers head, is more like striking a tuning fork that resonates with the tuning fork in my readers head. Emotion resonates in a way that logic does not. Here is a list of words that express powerful, positive emotions. They would fit well in a movie ad or a blurb on the back cover of a novel, two bastions of emotionally persuasive words. amazing from a Proto-Germanic word to confound or confuse so if you were a Proto-German you might not want to be amazed. But amazing now has a positive connotation of delight and wonder, though it is often used lightly, even when youre not paralyzed under a weight of marvelous singularity. appealing from the Latin for call, something that is appealing calls to you or attracts you. A convict would appeal to a judge to reconsider his innocence. arresting If you were a fugitive from the criminal justice system, you would avoid anything arresting, that stops you in your tracks. But sometimes its nice to be so overwhelmed by a thought or experience that you dont even move. astonishing Related to the modern word stun (as in stun gun) and to ancient words for stupefy, crash, daze, bang. One synonym is flabbergasting. I had a boss who liked to retort, I am astonied, as used in the King James Bible. astounding Closely related to stun, it includes the meanings of dazzling and bewildering. An astounding experience goes beyond mere surprise. attractive As you might expect, one synonym is magnetic something that allures or draws you by its own intrinsic power. Often used to describe members of the opposite sex. awe-inspiring Literally breathing awe into. The word awe once meant overwhelming dread, and this compound word preserves some of the dictionary connotation of majesty that awesome has lost. captivating Originally it simply meant making captive, something that pirates might do to others that you wouldnt want done to you. But like many words in this list, it now has pleasant connotations: being confronted by something so wonderful that you cant stop thinking about it. compelling When someone compels you, they force you to do something. When something is compelling, it forces you to consider it, as in a compelling argument that makes a lot of sense, or a compelling novel that makes you think. engaging From root words for pledge, promise, secure, an engaging person or thing makes you want to involve yourself with it and commit yourself to it, similar to the way two people become engaged when they decide to get married. Used in business buzzwords such as audience engagement and product engagement which involve much less commitment than marriage, though the marketing department might hope it was different. enticing Meaning tempting, alluring, its roots meant torch, firebrand. I suppose that being enticed is like being ignited. You can use the synonym inveigling, but few will know what you mean. You can use the archaic synonym illecebrous, but nobody will know what you mean. exhilarating This word exhilarating has the connotation of invigorating, refreshing, thrilling, exciting. Unlike awesome, this word has become stronger, not weaker, since the days of Rome. It comes from the Latin roots for ex-hilarity-ate-ing so its origin is something like gladdening, maybe as in That thoroughly hilarized me! That is, its related to hilarious, which today means very funny but formerly meant cheerful. fascinating Another happy word with sinister roots, coming from the Latin for bewitch, enthrall, cast a spell upon. It refers to something you find so interesting that youre spellbound or trapped (in a good way). impressive Yes, one of its roots is to press. An impressive experience makes an unforgettable impression on your mind, as the press at a government mint makes a powerful impression on metal blanks that turns them into coins. marvelous A marvelous sight provokes almost uncontrollable wonder in those who see it. From the Latin for worthy to be looked at. memorable Its Latin root originally meant worthy of mention, but it soon changed to worthy of remembering, as it means now. A synonym is remarkable, which means worth noting. mind-blowing Alfred Hitchcock wondered if it involved compressed air. Common in the 1960s and used to describe the effect of hallucinogenic drugs, it carries the sense of an experience so intense or unusual that the human mind is overwhelmed by it. mind-boggling First used in the early 1960s, it results in being overwhelmed, dumbfounded, or confused, usually mentally but also emotionally. overwhelming If whelm means to capsize, flood, or engulf, then overwhelm is even stronger. The power of an overwhelming experience is more than you can handle. rapturous It means blissful, filled with extreme delight. It comes from a Latin word for snatched, carried off, as one might feel during an ecstatic experience. A rapt listener is transported by and absorbed in what he or she is hearing. refreshing Literally, making fresh again, revitalizing because of its newness. It comes from ancient European words for fresh, as you might expect. But these words also have the sense of sweet, pure. riveting A rivet is a small metal fastener, so a listener would have trouble separating himself from a riveting conversation because it holds their attention so strongly. staggering Meaning reeling, tottering, bewildering. A drunk man staggers as he walks. Having a truly staggering realization might make it hard to walk straight its so amazing and astonishing that it affects the body. stunning Saying a person has stunning beauty means that he or she is so attractive that it causes the viewer to lose strength. Thats usually an exaggeration, but the word does imply amazement and high quality. Related to astonishing. thrilling Causing a sudden, intense excitement, even causing shaking or vibrating. Sword clashing against sword is thrilling in that sense. wondrous This word is not for ordinary experiences. A wondrous sight is truly amazing, causing deep awe and marvel. Though these words are all based on emotions, notice that they are also based on verbs actions that stimulate emotions in my heart that change my behavior or attitude. For example, an amazing event amazes me. An appealing object appeals to me. They are intended to inspire action. You could use most of them as exclamations, putting an exclamation mark after them, though people might look at you oddly if you blurted out, Oh rapturous! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OneHyphenation in Compound Nouns

Free Essays on School Vouchers

School Vouchers â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.† John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Throughout the thousands of political speeches given during our country’s history, there might not be a better anthem for political participation on an individual level. After letting JFK’s famous phrase sink in it is obvious that he wanted the American people to take charge of their political and social futures. Kennedy realized the importance of pro-activity on a personal or community basis, and the results that would come to the citizens of this country who partook in their own evolvement. This ability that all Americans possess is not always utilized. Many people would rather sit back and complain about the condition of their environment, their communities, and their lives. Citizens of this country constantly denigrate our elected officials, but do they get out and vote on Election Day? Are they active in their communities? What are they doing to h elp themselves and what changes could these potential efforts produce? The answers to these questions seem to lie along the same lines for most Americans- nothing. Not even 50% of Americans vote in the presidential election. This signifies a severe lack of patriotism and civic duty on the part of the American people. Most people argue that they cannot make a significant difference by simply voting and becoming active in their respective communities. They believe that nothing important or consequential happens at the local and state levels of government. But what these people do not understand is that the majority of the decisions that will most closely affect their lives are made at these intermediary levels. Does the President of the United States have the fortitude or the even the time to be concerned with a community such as Adrian, Michigan? Obviously, the answer is no. Its local politicians and state representatives handle this community and its acc... Free Essays on School Vouchers Free Essays on School Vouchers Proposals to use private school vouchers, a marketplace strategy, as a mechanism by which to improve the general quality of public education have produced a lively debate. Frequently, that debate has degenerated into a disagreement about whether public schools are as good as private schools or whether a given private school is better than a certain neighborhood public school. Other issues raised in these discussions include the appropriate use of public funds, the role of competition in improving public education, and the right of parents to choose a school for their children. Although these issues are of interest, they are not the fundamental questions which must be raised about the future of public schools in a democracy. Two Core Issues In their rush to the marketplace, the proponents of private school choice supported by public funds have chosen to ignore two core issues. First, the advocates of private school choice studiously avoid any discussion of the relationship between public schools and the common or public good in a democracy. As an example, the Governor of Wisconsin asserts that "any school that serves the public is a public school" and should therefore receive public funds through a voucher system. There is no recognition in this proposal of the distinct and unique purpose of public education in serving the public good. This rhetorical sleight-of-hand does not mean that a private school of choice becomes a public school in purpose simply by so defining it. The claim is merely a device to divert public funds for private purposes. The failure to recognize that public schools have a central responsibility in a democratic society is further evidenced by the work of John Chubb and Terry Moe, who argue that improving the efficiency and quality of public education will require the replacement of democratic governance by market mechanisms. The authors state, "The most basic cause of ineffective performance among the natio... Free Essays on School Vouchers Any country that aspires to be great must constantly reevaluate the preparedness of its youth for the challenges of the future. Today’s youth cannot hope to be tomorrow’s leaders, if they do not attain a superior education. Children require an education that develops their minds analytically, creatively, and morally. Recently we have noticed an unfortunate decline in the readiness of our youth to enter the workforce or higher education, as compared with other similar countries. To combat this, our parents and politicians have been desperately searching, for something, for anything, for the key to our educational system. It is my goal, through this paper, to make you aware of the issues, and a potential solution. This solution is the idea of school choice, or school vouchers. The main players in the solution are parents and private schools because the public school system has fallen short. Our public school system is decaying, despite the supposed best efforts of our fed eral, state, and local governments. While public schools have become a center for violence, drug use, and apathy, private schools have become the model of superior education, an education that is academically, creatively, and morally sound. Many of our private schools are religious, allowing teachers and administrators to complement and strengthen lessons taught in the home, instead of counteracting them. This is not meant to imply that only private religious schools have value, but to point out that parents and schools need to work together in the best interest of the students. The main problem with private schools is that they are out of reach to so many of today’s families. The fact that so many children are denied the opportunity to attend the school of their choice simply because they cannot afford it, is one of the predominant shortfalls of our society. Of course this is not a new issue, and it is currently at the center of a large debate. "It is impossible to... Free Essays on School Vouchers School Vouchers â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.† John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Throughout the thousands of political speeches given during our country’s history, there might not be a better anthem for political participation on an individual level. After letting JFK’s famous phrase sink in it is obvious that he wanted the American people to take charge of their political and social futures. Kennedy realized the importance of pro-activity on a personal or community basis, and the results that would come to the citizens of this country who partook in their own evolvement. This ability that all Americans possess is not always utilized. Many people would rather sit back and complain about the condition of their environment, their communities, and their lives. Citizens of this country constantly denigrate our elected officials, but do they get out and vote on Election Day? Are they active in their communities? What are they doing to h elp themselves and what changes could these potential efforts produce? The answers to these questions seem to lie along the same lines for most Americans- nothing. Not even 50% of Americans vote in the presidential election. This signifies a severe lack of patriotism and civic duty on the part of the American people. Most people argue that they cannot make a significant difference by simply voting and becoming active in their respective communities. They believe that nothing important or consequential happens at the local and state levels of government. But what these people do not understand is that the majority of the decisions that will most closely affect their lives are made at these intermediary levels. Does the President of the United States have the fortitude or the even the time to be concerned with a community such as Adrian, Michigan? Obviously, the answer is no. Its local politicians and state representatives handle this community and its acc... Free Essays on School Vouchers Argumentation Paper America’s public school systems are facing a series of major problems. The classrooms are crowded, violence is growing, and test scores are falling. Some people believe the ways the schools are funded are the reasons behind these problems. There have been several ideas brought to the courts to try to solve the funding problems. Open enrollment, more federal involvement, and local tax increases are a few of these suggestions. However, the most controversial issue is that of vouchers. Vouchers are certificates that the government gives to parents so that their child may go to the school of the parent’s choice (public or private). This type of school funding is also known as parental choice. This idea of parental choice in education is not a new concept. The first person that developed the idea that parents should be allowed to choose their children’s education came from Adam Smith in 1776. He explained this theory in his book The Wealth of Nations. However, the controversies surrounding parental choice are fairly new. The most discussed and argued issue surrounding vouchers is the inclusion of parochial schools. Many people who believe strongly in the First Amendment’s establishment clause, which establishes the separation of Page 2 church and state. This clause allows for the question of the constitutionality in the voucher program. This Constitutionality has been tried in a number of courts both at the state and Supreme Court levels. In the 1970’s a series of Supreme Court rulings prohibited the use of government assistance to fund religious schools. The landmark of Lemon V. Kurtzmand in 1971 set the criteria that courts use when determining whether state action violates the First Amendment when dealing with schools and religion. In 1981 Maine amended its voucher program that was already set into place. The federal district court excluded sectarian schools from the vou...

Aristotelian rhetorical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aristotelian rhetorical analysis - Essay Example Therefore, since political ads are always one sided; which implies that whoever the media favors gets the right posts, the paper will not take sides, but instead it will analyze the facts surrounding this ad. So, why would the president state the 2013 budget if he was aware of the effect it would have on his popularity? The ad appeals to the readers emotionally by including their needs and even considering their worries. This is how President Obamas 2013 budget of $ 1.5 trillion in tax increases would make it impossible to create job opportunities in Lowa. Further scrutiny reveals the use of the second person singular to make voters feel the desire not to vote in favor of Obama. Note, for ‘you, it would mean higher taxes, increased job losses and continued difficulties in the recovering economy. This move appeals strongly to those voters who are not critical, as they attempt to prevent their lives from becoming more complicated. At this point, let us be critical with the above ad. First, increases in taxes of $1.5 trillion are enormous and fitting in its purpose. This claim would call for research because it is obvious that whoever made the calculations might have included things that only affect a particular group of the society. The pressing question becomes, who will be hardest hit by the tax raises? The source of this information should be credible for the voters to consider the authenticity of the claim. Secondly, "tougher to create jobs in Lowa", is a claim that does not state who the victims are. The attack on Obama’s break of his promise and raising taxes should also not be made exceptional because every potential candidate makes promises, but it is not possible for them to oversee the future of the country’s social and economic status. Thirdly, the use of the second person singular (for you, it could mean higher taxes and more job loss), is always somewhat risky because it is difficult to prove that it applies to the

Consumer law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Consumer law - Essay Example As per the law, shoppers have the right to return goods that they find to be faulty or do not match the samples displayed or underperform, which are the basic rights of a consumer. On the other hand, the law protects retailers against policies that the law does not cover such as when a consumer changes their mind after making purchase. 1. Introduction In many nations, there are organs charged with overseeing the compliance of consumer law meaning no universal body that governs this law. For instance the state organ charged with this responsibility is the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission1 while in Germany this responsibility falls on the Minister for Federal Cabinet. In Australia, the ACL or the Australian Consumer Law is a uniform legislative application for protecting consumers, which applies as the practiced law in the Commonwealth of Australia. In addition, goods worth more than $40,000 and were household goods and appliances fell under this protection together with vehicles that were essential in the transportation industry. Some of the other goods that the ACL offered protection included second hand goods sold, hired or leased to consumers through trade or commerce and any goods whose worth was up to $40,000 or a figure that ACL would denote in the future. With this, this essay will delve into Sarah’s case study where she bought a television set and found to be faulty after taking it home. Further, it will highlight on Sarah’s individual rights as a consumer of home appliance as provided for under the Consumer legislation in Australia and Contract law. Further, the essay will highlight Sarah’s rights under the consumer legislation and under the contract law. Focus will also be on the consumer law in Kuwait and their comparison to those of Australia in relation to Sarah’s case and the difference in handling of this case in both countries. 2. Consumer rights under the consumer legislation in Australia As of January 2 011, suppliers and manufacturer’s of products and services had to comply with the Competition and Consumer Act of 2010, which is also the Australian Consumer Law2. The benefit that law brought on consumers were relatively the same as those stated in warranties and conditions that were previously existing in states and territories of Australia. The law was also a follow up on the Trade Practices Act of 1974 that influenced fair-trading of goods and services across the Australian region3. The ACL also spread to cover goods and services received by consumers as gifts as this area emerged as a possible area of infringing on the rights of the consumer. However, goods bought before the enactment of the law in 2011 were eligible to protection under the ACL, but were under the protection of the Traders Practice Act. Goods that are on one off sales such as garage sales and those sold on auctions on behalf owners also do not have protection under the AC law. Additionally, ACL does not cover goods bought for re-supply, those costing more than forty thousand dollars but are normally for business purposes or those that a buyer makes purchase in order to assist in production or manufacture of their goods4. As per the ACL, a consumer has rights against a supplier if the goods on sale do not meet the consumer expectations through minor or major problems. In cases that a problem in a product is minimal,

Software testing

Software testing 1.0 Software Testing Activities We start testing activities from the first phase of the software development life cycle. We may generate test cases from the SRS and SDD documents and use them during system and acceptance testing. Hence, development and testing activities are carried out simultaneously in order to produce good quality maintainable software in time and within budget. We may carry out testing at many levels and may also take help of a software testing tool. Whenever we experience a failure, we debug the source code to find reasons for such a failure. Finding the reasons of a failure is very significant testing activity and consumes huge amount of resources and may also delay the release of the software. 1.1 Levels of Testing Software testing is generally carried out at different levels. There are four such levels namely unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing as shown in figure 8.1. First three levels of testing activities are done by the testers and last level of testing (acceptance) is done by the customer(s)/user(s). Each level has specific testing objectives. For example, at unit testing level, independent units are tested using functional and/or structural testing techniques. At integration testing level, two or more units are combined and testing is carried out to test the integration related issues of various units. At system testing level, the system is tested as a whole and primarily functional testing techniques are used to test the system. Non functional requirements like performance, reliability, usability, testability etc. are also tested at this level. Load/stress testing is also performed at this level. Last level i.e. acceptance testing is done by the cus tomer(s)/users for the purpose of accepting the final product. 1.1.1 Unit Testing We develop software in parts / units and every unit is expected to have defined functionality. We may call it a component, module, procedure, function etc, which will have a purpose and may be developed independently and simultaney. A. Bertolino and E. Marchetti have defined a unit as [BERT07]: A unit is the smallest testable piece of software, which may consist of hundreds or even just few lines of source code, and generally represents the result of the work of one or few developers. The unit test cases purpose is to ensure that the unit satisfies its functional specification and / or that its implemented structure matches the intended design structure. [BEIZ90, PFLE01]. There are also problems with unit testing. How can we run a unit independently? A unit may not be completely independent. It may be calling few units and also called by one or more units. We may have to write additional source code to execute a unit. A unit X may call a unit Y and a unit Y may call a unit A and a unit B as shown in figure 8.2(a). To execute a unit Y independently, we may have to write additional source code in a unit Y which may handle the activities of a unit X and the activities of a unit A and a unit B. The additional source code to handle the activities of a unit X is called driver and the additional source code to handle the activities of a unit A and a unit B is called stub. The complete additional source code which is written for the design of stub and driver is called scaffolding. The scaffolding should be removed after the completion of unit testing. This may help us to locate an error easily due to small size of a unit. Many white box testing techniques may be effectively applicable at unit level. We should keep stubs and drivers simple and small in size to reduce the cost of testing. If we design units in such a way that they can be tested without writing stubs and drivers, we may be very efficient and lucky. Generally, in practice, it may be difficult and thus requirement of stubs and drivers may not be eliminated. We may only minimize the requirement of scaffolding depending upon the functionality and its division in various units. 1.1.2 Integration Testing A software may have many units. We test units independently during unit testing after writing required stubs and drivers. When we combine two units, we may like to test the interfaces amongst these units. We combine two or more units because they share some relationship. This relationship is represented by an interface and is known as coupling. The coupling is the measure of the degree of interdependence between units. Two units with high coupling are strongly connected and thus, dependent on each other. Two units with low coupling are weakly connected and thus have low dependency on each other. Hence, highly coupled units are heavily dependent on other units and loosely coupled units are comparatively less dependent on other units as shown in figure 8.3. Coupling increases as the number of calls amongst units increases or the amount of shared data increases. The design with high coupling may have more errors. Loose coupling minimize the interdependence and some of the steps to minimize the coupling are given as: (i) Pass only data, not the control information. (ii) Avoid passing undesired data. (iii) Minimize parent / child relationship between calling and called units. (iv) Minimize the number of parameters to be passed between two units. (v) Avoid passing complete data structure. (vi) Do not declare global variables. (vii) Minimize the scope of variables. Different types of coupling are data (best), stamp, control, external, common and content (worst). When we design test cases for interfaces, we should be very clear about the coupling amongst units and if it is high, large number of test cases should be designed to test that particular interface. A good design should have low coupling and thus interfaces become very important. When interfaces are important, their testing will also be important. In integration testing, we focus on the issues related to interfaces amongst units. There are several integration strategies that really have little basis in a rational methodology and are given in figure 8.4. Top down integration starts from the main unit and keeps on adding all called units of next level. This portion should be tested thoroughly by focusing on interface issues. After completion of integration testing at this level, add next level of units and as so on till we reach the lowest level units (leaf units). There will not be any requirement of drivers and only stubs will be designed. In bottom-up integration, we start from the bottom, (i.e. from leaf units) and keep on adding upper level units till we reach the top (i.e. root node). There will not be any need of stubs. A sandwich strategy runs from top and bottom concurren tly, depending upon the availability of units and may meet somewhere in the middle. (b) Bottom up integration (focus starts from edges i, j and so on) c) Sandwich integration (focus starts from a, b, i, j and so on) Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. In practice, sandwich integration approach is more popular. This can be started as and when two related units are available. We may use any functional or structural testing techniques to design test cases. The functional testing techniques are easy to implement with a particular focus on the interfaces and some structural testing techniques may also be used. When a new unit is added as a part of integration testing then the software is considered as a changed software. New paths are designed and new input(s) and output(s) conditions may emerge and new control logic may invoke. These changes may also cause problems with units that previously worked flawlessly. 1.1.3 System Testing We perform system testing after the completion of unit and integration testing. We test complete software alongwith its expected environment. We generally use functional testing techniques, although few structural testing techniques may also be used. A system is defined as a combination of the software, hardware and other associated parts that together provide product features and solutions. System testing ensures that each system function works as expected and it also tests for non-functional requirements like performance, security, reliability, stress, load etc. This is the only phase of testing which tests both functional and non-functional requirements of the system. A team of the testing persons does the system testing under the supervision of a test team leader. We also review all associated documents and manuals of the software. This verification activity is equally important and may improve the quality of the final product. Utmost care should be taken for the defects found during system testing phase. A proper impact analysis should be done before fixing the defect. Sometimes, if system permits, instead of fixing the defects are just documented and mentioned as the known limitation. This may happen in a situation when fixing is very time consuming or technically it is not possible in the present design etc. Progress of system testing also builds confidence in the development team as this is the first phase in which complete product is tested with a specific focus on customers expectations. After the completion of this phase, customers are invited to test the software. 1.1.4 Acceptance Testing This is the extension of system testing. When testing team feels that the product is ready for the customer(s), they invite the customer(s) for demonstration. After demonstration of the product, customer(s) may like to use the product for their satisfaction and confidence. This may range from adhoc usage to systematic well-planned usage of the product. This type of usage is essential before accepting the final product. The testing done for the purpose of accepting a product is known as acceptance testing. This may be carried out by the customer(s) or persons authorized by the customer. The venue may be developers site or customers site depending on the mutual agreement. Generally, acceptance testing is carried out at the customers site. Acceptance testing is carried out only when the software is developed for a particular customer(s). If, we develop software for anonymous customers (like operating systems, compilers, case tools etc), then acceptance testing is not feasible. In such c ases, potential customers are identified to test the software and this type of testing is called alpha / beta testing. Beta testing is done by many potential customers at their sites without any involvement of developers / testers. Although alpha testing is done by some potential customers at developers site under the direction and supervision of testers. 1.2 Debugging Whenever a software fails, we would like to understand the reason(s) of such a failure. After knowing the reason(s), we may attempt to find solution and may make necessary changes in the source code accordingly. These changes will hopefully remove the reason(s) of that software failure. The process of identifying and correcting a software error is known as debugging. It starts after receiving a failure report and completes after ensuring that all corrections have been rightly placed and the software does not fail with the same set of input(s). The debugging is quite a difficult phase and may become one of the reasons of the software delays. Every bug detection process is different and it is difficult to know how long it will take to find and fix a bug. Sometimes, it may not be possible to detect a bug or if a bug is detected, it may not be feasible to correct it at all. These situations should be handled very carefully. In order to remove bugs, developer must first discover that a problem exists, then classify the bug, locate where the problem actually lies in the source code, and finally correct the problem. 1.2.1 Why debugging is so difficult? Debugging is a difficult process. This is probably due to human involvement and their psychology. Developers become uncomfortable after receiving any request of debugging. It is taken against their professional pride. Shneiderman [SHNE80] has rightly commented on human aspect of debugging as: It is one of the most frustrating parts of programming. It has elements of problem solving or brain teasers, coupled with the annoying recognition that we have made a mistake. Heightened anxiety and the unwillingness to accept the possibility of errors, increase the task difficulty. Fortunately, there is a great sigh of relief and a lessening of tension when the bug is ultimately corrected. These comments explain the difficulty of debugging. Pressman [PRES97] has given some clues about the characteristics of bugs as: The debugging process attempts to match symptom with cause, thereby leading to error correction. The symptom and the cause may be geographically remote. That is, symptom may appear in one part of program, while the cause may actually be located in other part. Highly coupled program structures may further complicate this situation. Symptom may also disappear temporarily when another error is corrected. In real time applications, it may be difficult to accurately reproduce the input conditions. In some cases, symptom may be due to causes that are distributed across a number of tasks running on different processors. There may be many reasons which may make debugging process difficult and time consuming. However, psychological reasons are more prevalent over technical reasons. Over the years, debugging techniques have substantially improved and they will continue to develop significantly in the near future. Some debugging tools are available and they minimize the human involvement in the debugging process. However, it is still a difficult area and consumes significant amount of time and resources. 1.2.2 Debugging Process Debugging means detecting and removing bugs from the programs. Whenever a program generates an unexpected behaviour, it is known as a failure of the program. This failure may be mild, annoying, disturbing, serious, extreme, catastrophic or infectious. Depending on the type of failure, actions are required to be taken. Debugging process starts after receiving a failure report either from testing team or from users. The steps of the debugging process are replication of the bug, understanding the bug, locate the bug, fix the bug and retest the program. (i) Replication of the bug: The first step in fixing a bug is to replicate it. This means to recreate the undesired behaviour under controlled conditions. The same set of input(s) should be given under similar conditions to the program and the program, after execution, should produce similar unexpected behaviour. If this happens, we are able to replicate a bug. In many cases, this is simple and straight forward. We execute the program on a particular input(s) or we press a particular button on a particular dialog, and the bug occurs. In other cases, replication may be very difficult. It may require many steps or in an interactive program such as a game, it may require precise timing. In worst cases, replication may be nearly impossible. If we do not replicate the bug, how will we verify the fix? Hence, failure to replicate a bug is a real problem. If we cannot do it, any action, which cannot be verified, has no meaning, how so ever important it may be. Some of the reasons for non-replication of bug are: ÂÂ · The user incorrectly reported the problem. ÂÂ · The program has failed due to hardware problems like memory overflow, poor network connectivity, network congestion, non availability of system buses, deadlock conditions etc. ÂÂ · The program has failed due to system software problems. The reason may be the usage of different type of operating system, compilers, device drivers etc. there may be any above mentioned reason for the failure of the program, although there is no inherent bug in program for this particular failure. Our effort should be to replicate the bug. If we cannot do so, it is advisable to keep the matter pending till we are able to replicate it. There is no point in playing with the source code for a situation which is not reproducible. (ii) Understanding the bug After replicating the bug, we may like to understand the bug. This means, we want to find the reason(s) of this failure. There may be one or more reasons and is generally the most time consuming activity. We should understand the program very clearly for understanding a bug. If we are the designers and source code writers, there may not be any problem for understanding the bug. If not, then we may even have more serious problems. If readability of the program is good and associated documents are available, we may be able to manage the problem. If readability is not that good, (which happens in many situations) and associated documents are not proper, situation becomes very difficult and complex. We may call the designers, if we are lucky, they may be available with the company and we may get them. Imagine otherwise, what will happen? This is a real challenging situation and in practice many times, we have to face this and struggle with the source code and documents written by the per sons not available with the company. We may have to put effort in order to understand the program. We may start from the first statement of the source code to the last statement with a special focus on critical and complex areas of the source code. We should be able to know, where to look in the source code for any particular activity. It should also tell us the general way in which the program acts. The worst cases are large programs written by many persons over many years. These programs may not have consistency and may become poorly readable over time due to various maintenance activities. We should simply do the best and try to avoid making the mess worse. We may also take the help of source code analysis tools for examining the large programs. A debugger may also be helpful for understanding the program. A debugger inspects a program statement wise and may be able to show the dynamic behaviour of the program using a breakpoint. The breakpoints are used to pause the program at any time needed. At every breakpoint, we may look at values of variables, contents of relevant memory locations, registers etc. The main point is that in order to understand a bug, program understanding is essential. We should put desired effort before finding the reasons of the software failure. If we fail to do so, unnecessarily, we may waste our effort, which is neither required nor desired. (iii) Locate the bug There are two portions of the source code which need to be considered for locating a bug. First portion of the source code is one which causes the visible incorrect behaviour and second portion of the source code is one which is actually incorrect. In most of the situations, both portions may overlap and sometimes, both portions may be in different parts of the program. We should first find the source code which causes the incorrect behaviour. After knowing the incorrect behaviour and its related portion of the source code, we may find the portion of the source code which is at fault. Sometimes, it may be very easy to identify the problematic source code (second portion of the source code) with manual inspection. Otherwise, we may have to take the help of a debugger. If we have core dumps, a debugger can immediately identify the line which fails. A core dumps is the printout of all registers and relevant memory locations. We should document them and also retain them for possible futu re use. We may provide breakpoints while replicating the bug and this process may also help us to locate the bug. Sometimes simple print statements may help us to locate the sources of the bad behaviour. This simple way provides us the status of various variables at different locations of the program with specific set of inputs. A sequence of print statements may also portray the dynamics of variable changes. However, it is cumbersome to use in large programs. They may also generate superfluous data which may be difficult to analyze and manage. Another useful approach is to add check routines in the source code to verify that data structures are in a valid state. Such routines may help us to narrow down where data corruption occurs. If the check routines are fast, we may want to always enable them. Otherwise, leave them in the source code, and provide some sort of mechanism to turn them on when we need them. The most useful and powerful way is to do the source code inspection. This may help us to understand the program, understand the bug and finally locate the bug. A clear understanding of the program is an absolute requirement of any debugging activity. Sometimes, bug may not be in the program at all. It may be in a library routine or in the operating system, or in the compiler. These cases are very rare, but there are chances and if everything fails, we may have to look for such options. (iv) Fix the bug and retest the program After locating the bug, we may like to fix the bug. The fixing of a bug is a programming exercise rather than a debugging activity. After making necessary changes in the source code, we may have to retest the source code in order to ensure that the corrections have been rightly done at right place. Every change may affect other portions of the source code also. Hence an impact analysis is required to identify the affected portion and that portion should also be retested thoroughly. This retesting activity is called regression testing which is very important activity of any debugging process. 1.2.3 Debugging Approaches There are many popular debugging approaches, but success of any approach is dependant upon the understanding of the program. If the persons involved in debugging understand the program correctly, they may be able to detect and remove the bugs. (i) Trial and Error Method This approach is dependent on the ability and experience of the debugging persons. After getting a failure report, it is analyzed and program is inspected. Based on experience and intelligence, and also using hit and trial technique, the bug is located and a solution is found. This is a slow approach and becomes impractical in large programs. (ii) Backtracking This can be used successfully in small programs. We start at the point where program gives incorrect result such as unexpected output is printed. After analyzing the output, we trace backward the source code manually until a cause of the failure is found. The source code from the statement where symptoms of failure is found to the statement where cause of failure is found is analyzed properly. This technique brackets the locations of the bug in the program. Subsequent careful study of bracketed location may help us to rectify the bug. Another obvious variation of backtracking is forward tracking, where we use print statements or other means to examine a succession of intermediate results to determine at what point the result first became wrong. These approaches (backtracking and forward tracking) may be useful only when the size of the program is small. As the program size increases, it becomes difficult to manage these approaches. (iii) Brute Force This is probably the most common and efficient approach to identify the cause of a software failure. In this approach, memory dumps are taken and run time traces are invoked and the program is loaded with print statements. When this is done, we may find a clue by the information produced which leads to identification of cause of a bug. Memory traces are similar to memory dumps, except that the printout contains only certain memory and register contents and printing is conditional on some event occurring. Typically conditional events are entry, exit or use of one of the following: (a) A particular subroutine, statement or database (b) Communication with I/O devices (c) Value of a variable (d) Timed actuations (periodic or random) in certain real time system. A special problem with trace programs is that the conditions are entered in the source code and any changes require a recompilation. The huge amount of data is generated which although may help to identify the cause but may be difficult to manage and analyze. (iv) Cause Elimination Cause elimination is manifested by induction or deduction and also introduces the concept of binary partitioning. Data related to error occurrence are organized to isolate potential causes. Alternatively, a list of all possible causes is developed and tests are conducted to eliminate each. Therefore, we may rule out causes one by one until a single one remains for validation. The cause is identified, properly fixed and retested accordingly. 1.2.4 Debugging Tools Many debugging tools are available to support the debugging process. Some of the manual activities can also be automated using a tool. We may need a tool that may execute every statement of a program at a time and print values of any variable after executing every statement of the program. We will be free from inserting print statements in the program manually. Thus, run time debuggers are designed. In principle, a run time debugger is nothing more than an automatic print statement generator. It allows us to trace the program path and the variables without having to put print statements in the source code. Every compiler available in the market comes with run time debugger. It allows us to compile and run the program with a single compilation, rather than modifying the source code and recompiling as we try to narrow down the bug. Run time debuggers may detect bugs in the program, but may fail to find the causes of failures. We may need a special tool to find causes of failures and correct the bug. Some errors like memory corruption and memory leaks may be detected automatically. The automation was the modification in debugging process, because it automated the process of finding the bug. A tool may detect an error, and our job is to simply fix it. These tools are known as automatic debugger and come in several varieties. The simplest ones are just a library of functions that can be linked into a program. When the program executes and these functions are called, the debugger checks for memory corruption, if it finds this, it reports it. Compilers are also used for finding bugs. Of course, they check only syntax errors and particular type of run time errors. Compilers should give proper and detailed messages of errors that will be of great help to the debugging process. Compilers may give all such information in the attribute table, which is printed along with the listing. The attribute table contains various levels of warnings which have been picked up by the compiler scan and which are noted. Hence, compilers are coming with error detection feature and there is no excuse to design compilers without meaningful error messages. We may apply wide variety of tools like run time debugger, automatic debugger, automatic test case generators, memory dumps, cross reference maps, compilers etc during the debugging process. However, tools are not the substitute for careful examination of the source code after thorough understanding. 1.3 Software Testing Tools The most important effort consuming task in software testing is to design the test cases. The execution of these test cases may not require much time and resources. Hence, designing part is more significant than execution part. Both parts are normally handled manually. Do we really need a tool? If yes, where and when can we use it? In first part (designing of test cases) or second part (execution of test cases) or both. Software testing tools may be used to reduce the time of testing and to make testing as easy and pleasant as possible. Automated testing may be carried out without human involvement. This may help us in the areas where similar data set is to be given as input to the program again and again. A tool may do the repeated testing, unattended also, during nights or weekends without human intervention. Many non-functional requirements may be tested with the help of a tool. We want to test the performance of a software under load, which may require many computers, manpower and other resources. A tool may simulate multiple users on one computer and also a situation when many users are accessing a database simultaneously. There are three broad categories of software testing tools i.e. static, dynamic and process management. Most of the tools fall clearly into one of the categories but there are few exceptions like mutation analysis system which falls in more than one the categories. A wide variety of tools are available with different scope and quality and they assist us in many ways. 1.3.1 Static software testing tools Static software testing tools are those that perform analysis of the programs without executing them at all. They may also find the source code which will be hard to test and maintain. As we all know, static testing is about prevention and dynamic testing is about cure. We should use both the tools but prevention is always better than cure. These tools will find more bugs as compared to dynamic testing tools (where we execute the program). There are many areas for which effective static testing tools are available, and they have shown their results for the improvement of the quality of the software. (i) Complexity analysis tools Complexity of a program plays very important role while determining its quality. A popular measure of complexity is the cyclomatic complexity as discussed in chapter 4. This gives us the idea about the number of independent paths in the program and is dependent upon the number of decisions in the program. Higher value of cyclomatic complexity may indicate about poor design and risky implementation. This may also be applied at module level and higher cyclomatic complexity value modules may either be redesigned or may be tested very thoroughly. There are other complexity measures also which are used in practice like Halstead software size measures, knot complexity measure etc. Tools are available which are based on any of the complexity measure. These tools may take the program as an input, process it and produce a complexity value as output. This value may be an indicator of the quality of design and implementation. (ii) Syntax and Semantic Analysis Tools These tools find syntax and semantic errors. Although compiler may detect all syntax errors during compilation, but early detection of such errors may help to minimize other associated errors. Semantic errors are very significant and compilers are helpless to find such errors. There are tools in the market that may analyze the program and find errors. Non-declaration of a variable, double declaration of a variable, divide by zero issue, unspecified inputs, non-initialization of a variable are some of the issues which may be detected by semantic analysis tools. These tools are language dependent and may parse the source code, maintain a list of errors and provide implementation information. The parser may find semantic errors as well as make an inference as to what is syntactically correct. (iii) Flow graph generator tools These tools are language dependent and take the program as an input and convert it to its flow graph. The flow graph may be used for many purposes like complexity calculation, paths identification, generation of definition use paths, program slicing etc. These

Kant Hypothetical and Categorical Imperatives Essay

In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, by Immanuel Kant, Kant proposes a very significant discussion of imperatives as expressed by what one â€Å"ought† to do. He implies this notion by providing the audience with two kinds of imperatives: categorical and hypothetical. The discussion Kant proposes is designed to formulate the expression of one’s action. By distinguishing the difference between categorical and hypothetical imperatives, Kant’s argues that categorical imperatives apply moral conduct in relation to performing one’s duty within the contents of good will. According to Kant, the representation of an objective principle insofar as it necessitates the will is called a command which formulates the notion of an imperative . Imperatives are simply a formula of a reason. It determines the will of the action. Imperatives can be expressed in terms of what ought to do. For example, take the command â€Å"Sit Down! † Kant expresses this command as an imperative by stating, â€Å"You ought to sit down! † All imperatives are formulated by doing an action according to the standard of a will that it will provide a good ending in some way. If the end action is good, as a mean to something else than it is considered a hypothetical imperative. On the other hand, if the action is good according to itself than it is considered a categorical imperative. Thus, Kant implies a distinction between these two kinds of imperatives. The first imperative that Kant proposes is hypothetical. A hypothetical imperative states only that an action is good for some purpose, either possible or actual . In a hypothetical imperative the action is done out of necessary for some purpose. Hypothetical imperatives take on the general form of; â€Å"If †¦then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"If† is considered the antecedent and â€Å"then† is considered conditional. Hypothetical imperatives tell us what we should do provided the fact that we have certain desires. For example, â€Å"If you want to get an A, then you ought to study. † Wanting to get an A is required of one insofar as one is committed to studying. In other terms, if one desire is to get an A then the action one must take is to study in order to fulfill that desire. Hypothetical imperatives can further more be explained by breaking them down into what Kant calls â€Å"rules of skills,† and â€Å"counsels of prudence†. Rules of skills simply imply the notion that there is something that you have to do; how one must accomplish something. An example of this is, â€Å"If you want to get well than you ought to take your medications. † The action in accordance to the rule of skills implies the importance of taking your medications. Kant noted that there is no question at all whether the end is reasonable and good, but there is only a question as to what must be done to attain it. Moreover, the counsel of prudence examines just that. The antecedent â€Å"If† refers to the varying degrees of happiness within an individual. â€Å"If you want to be happy then you ought to invest in a retirement plan. † One’s motive to be happy (happiness as it implies to individualism) is fulfilled through the action. The action is done through the perception of prudence as it commands not absolutely but only as a means to further the purpose. In this respect, hypothetical imperatives apply actions of good in a conditional way. It is formulated that you need to know what the condition is before you act. Conditions are based upon a posteriori referring to experiences of knowledge due to ones own result. Therefore hypothetical imperatives do not allow us to act in a moral way because they are based upon desires and experiences rather than good will or moral conduct. In contrast with hypothetical imperatives, which is dependent on an indivdual having a particular desires or purpose (such as wanting to get an A), categorical imperatives describe what we are required to do independently of what we may desire or prefer. A categorical imperative is the only imperative which immediately commands a certain conduct without having as its condition any other purpose to be attained by it. Categorical imperatives are moral obligations that do not have a â€Å"If†¦ and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  form. In this respect they provide behavior categorically. They are not if you want x then you ought to do y. Rather they take the form of, you should do y. Kant states that categorical imperatives are limited by no condition, and can quite properly be called a command since it is absolutely, through practically necessary. Categorical imperative are concerned with the form of action and the princple from which the that action follows. The moral action is good within itself such the notion of practical reasoning. Unlike a hypothetical imperative, categorical imperatives rely on independent experience; a prior. This is due to the fact that one’s moral principle is not based upon previous experience, but instead it is rooted in good will and one’s ability to perform their moral duty. Kant refers to this principle as the principle of morality. For it is from this in which all our moral duties are derived. The basic principle of morality is important because it commands certain courses of action. It is a categorical imperative because it commands unconditional actions. It is also independent of the particular ends and desires of the moral actions. One can never really no the end motivate to why such an action is preformed, but one can concure that the action was done according to the moral duty of good will. Having good will or practical reasoning, lays a foundation that implies categorical imperatives to do what is pure and simple. A good will is good not because one wants to attain happiness or a purpose but it is good in itself. Kant explains that there is no possibility of thinking of anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which can be regarded as good without qualification, except a good will. Therefore in accordance to good will, one must act as if the maxim of their action was to become a universal law. Kant first mentioned the notion of categorical imperative when he proposed the moral or universal law. You should never act except in such as way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law. Since maxims are basicly principles of action, the categorical imperative commands that one should act only on universal principles, that could be adopted by all rational agents such as human beings. Actions that are done from duty are out of respect for the moral law. Duty is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law set by the categorical imperative. Because the consequences of an act are not the source of its moral worth, the source must be the maxim under which the act is performed, excluding all aspects of desires. Thus, a categorical imperative must have moral content if, and only if, it is carried out solely with regard to a sense of moral duty in coordination with good will. Clearly one can see that Kant believes in the expression of actions through imperatives. By proposing imperatives, he formulated a command of reason. As hypothetical imperatives address actions done for a desire or a purpose, categorical imperatives, on the other hand address actions that result from moral conduct and good will. In distinghing the difference between these two imperatives, Kant’s main objection is to provide his readers with a clear understanding that actions based upon imperatives can be projected from two different views but the end result always provides good, in some way.